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kappa effect
The kappa effect is a temporal perceptual illusion that can arise when observers judge the elapsed time between sensory stimuli applied sequentially at different locations. In perceiving a sequence of consecutive stimuli, subjects tend to overestimate the elapsed time between two successive stimuli when the distance between the stimuli is sufficiently large, and to underestimate the elapsed time when the distance is sufficiently small.
==The kappa effect in different sensory modalities==
The kappa effect can occur with visual (e.g., flashes of light), auditory (e.g., tones), or tactile (e.g. taps to the skin) stimuli. Many studies of the kappa effect have been conducted using visual stimuli. For example, suppose three light sources, X, Y, and Z, are flashed successively in the dark with equal time intervals between each of the flashes. If the light sources are placed at different positions, with X and Y closer together than Y and Z, the temporal interval between the X and Y flashes is perceived to be shorter than that between the Y and Z flashes.〔TAU- AND KAPPA-EFFECTS. Elsevier's Dictionary of Psychological Theories. Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology, 2006. Credo Reference. 29 May 2008〕 The kappa effect has also been demonstrated with auditory stimuli that move in frequency. However, in some experimental paradigms the auditory kappa effect has not been observed. For example, Roy et al. (2011) found that, opposite to the prediction of the kappa effect, “Increasing the distance between sound sources marking time intervals leads to a decrease of the perceived duration”.〔Roy, M., Kuroda, T., & Grondin, S. (2011). Effect of space on auditory temporal processing with a single-stimulus method. Advances in Sound Localization, 95-104〕 In touch, the kappa effect was first described as the "S-effect" by Suto (1952).
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